9
EUROPEAN UNION
1 The history of the European Union
1.1 Eurozone
2 Tourism in the European Union
2.1 Policy objectives
2.2 Other EU policies impacting tourism
2.3 Why to visit the EU?
Questions and Topics for Discussion
- What are the historical roots of the EU and what is its main goal?
- For what reasons was Eurozone created? What are the advantages of the euro?
- Why is tourism important in the EU?
- What impact does tourism have on the EU?
- What are the most important policies in the EU concerning tourism?
- How would you characterise tourism in the EU?
1 The history of the European Union
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. Institutions of the EU include:
- the European Commission,
- the Council of the European Union,
- the European Council,
- the Court of Justice of the European Union,
- the European Central Bank,
- the Court of Auditors,
- and the European Parliament.
The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands) in 1951 and 1958, respectively. In the intervening years the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the Union. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.
The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area (which includes 22 EU and 4 non-EU states) passport controls have been abolished.EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.
1.1 Eurozone
The eurozone, a monetary union, was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002. The eurozoneis constituted by 18 member states adopting the euro as legal tender.The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. However, it was only with the advent of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 that member states were legally bound to start the monetary union no later than 1 January 1999. It remained an accounting currency until 1 January 2002, when euro notes and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 member states. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to 18 countries, the most recent being Latvia which joined on 1 January 2014.
All other EU member states, except Denmark and the United Kingdom, are legally bound to join the euro when the convergence criteria are met, however only a few countries have set target dates for accession. Sweden has circumvented the requirement to join the euro by not meeting the membership criteria.
The euro is designed to help build a single market by, for example:
- easing travel of citizens and goods,
- eliminating exchange rate problems,
- providing price transparency,
- creating a single financial market,
- price stability and low interest rates,
- and providing a currency used internationally
and protected against shocks by the large amount of internal trade within the eurozone. Since its launch the euro has become the second reserve currency in the world with a quarter of foreign exchanges reserves being in euro.
2 Tourism in the European Union
Europe is the world's no. 1 tourist destination, with the highest density and diversity of tourist attractions. As a result, the tourist industry has become a key sector of the European economy, generating over 10% of EU GDP (directly or indirectly) and employing 9.7m citizens in 1.8m businesses. Tourism contributes to:
•employment and regional development
•sustainable development
•an enhanced natural and cultural heritage
•shaping of a European identity.
Tourism is also an important means of promoting Europe's image in the world, projecting our values and promoting the European model – which is the result of centuries of cultural exchanges, linguistic diversity and creativity.
EU policy aims to promote tourism so as to maintain Europe's standing as a leading destination, and maximize the industry's contribution to growth and employment.
2.1 Policy objectives
1.stimulate competitiveness in the European tourism sector
2.promote development of sustainable, responsible, high-quality tourism
3.consolidate Europe's images as a collection of sustainable, high-quality destinations
4.maximise the potential of EU financial policies for developing tourism.
Travelling around the EU has become progressively easier over the years with the removal of most passport and baggage formalities and the introduction of the euro This makes life much easier for travellers who can now compare prices directly and no longer have the cost and inconvenience of exchanging money within the euro zone. The creation of the 'single market' has also reduced prices - cheaper air fares being a good example.
2.2 Other EU policies impacting tourism
Other EU policies and programmes impacting tourism include:
• European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
– supporting more sustainable patterns of tourism to enhance cultural and natural heritage, etc.
• European Social Fund (ESF)
– co financing projects to enhance productivity and quality of employment and services in the tourism sector through education and training. Targeted training & small start-up premiums for tourism micro-enterprises.
• European programmes for life-long learning and Erasmus for young entrepreneurs
– enabling people to travel abroad to learn or train, for example in the tourism sector.
• European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)
– support for improving the quality of agricultural products and the rural environment, and encouraging tourism as a way to diversify the rural economy.
• European Fisheries Fund (EFF)
– encouraging diversification of fishery dependent areas through alternatives such as eco tourism.
2.3 Why to visit the EU?
- The beaches. From secluded coves and idyllic golden expanses to dramatic coasts and glamorous party beaches, there’s absolutely nothing you can’t find in Europe.
- The Swiss Alps speckled with majestic, snow-topped peaks, scenic villages, charming chalets and dazzling lakes.
- The Architecture. From the spectacular Renaissance allure of Italy and the eye-catching Moorish remains of Spain to the splendid Gothic cathedrals of England and Central Europe, the continent has the greatest variety of architectural styles in the world.
- Shopping. Europe and shopping have always gone hand in hand. French perfumes, Italian designers, authentic crafts…
- The history. Nowhere is history as abundant and palpable as it is in Europe. Each backstreet and hidden corner here has been a witness to an amazing past.
- The Museums. There’s no secret Europe boasts the largest and most prestigious collections of art in the world.
- Nightlife. Europe prides itself with the most fashionable nightlife scene on the planet.
- In search of authentic century-old traditions? Look no further than Europe, especially the rural Eastern Europe, where time stood still.
- Austrian pastries. Nothing compares with a coffee accompanied by fresh-baked pastries in one of Vienna’s famous coffeehouses, especially if this happens in one of those snowy busy mornings preceding Christmas.
- Midnight Sun,except Alaska, Europe is the only place in the world where you can experience at least two weeks of endless sunlight and you can do it with plenty of festivals and celebrations.
- Music Festivals. Whether you’re a keen rocker or an electronic music fan, classical music, jazz and many more Europe prides itself with the best, the biggest and the most varied calendar of music festivals.
- The Old Towns. Europe it’s famous for its charming old squares that have given rise to cities like Prague, Amsterdam, Warsaw, Bruges, Tallinn, Krakow, Nice or Rome.
- The medieval architecture.
- The multitude of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
- Skiing in Europe is amazing.
- The fishing villages. Europe is scattered with some of the most colourful, authentic and scenic small fishing villages.
- The castles. Each corner of Europe has its fair share of castles waiting to be explored.
- The ports. From the large busy ports of Rotterdam or Marseille to the ones steeped in history in Dubrovnik, Venice, Athens and the stylish yacht marinas in Greece, Italy, Spain or France, Europe boasts an amazing collection of spectacular ports.
- The spectacular European Football.
- The variety. There’s absolutely nothing you cannot find in Europe from mountains and seas to dense forests, gentle meadows, rolling hills, spectacular fjords, glacier lakes, picturesque vineyards and scented fields of flowers.
- The people. European nations might be different, but overall, they are smart, educated, open-minded, warm and beautiful.
UNIT 9
Tourism and the EU
The European Union (EU) is a supranational and intergovernmental union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It was established under that name in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty.
The free movement of goods, services, labour and capital forms part of the substantive law of the EU. The Schengen Agreement abolished passport control and customs checks on many of the EU’s internal borders, creating a single space of mobility for EU citizens to live, travel, work and invest.
The euro has been the official currency of the EU in several member states since 1999, although coins and bank notes weren’t introduced until 1 January 2002. Some of the old member countries decided against joining the Eurozone at that time. Most of the members are preparing for the adoption of the euro. The single currency is managed by the European Central Bank.
Europe is the world's no. 1 tourist destination, with the highest density and diversity of tourist attractions. As a result, the tourist industry has become a key sector of the European economy, generating over 10% of EU GDP (directly or indirectly) and employing 9.7m citizens in 1.8m businesses. Tourism contributes to:
- •employment and regional development
- •sustainable development
- •an enhanced natural and cultural heritage
- •shaping of a European identity.
Tourism is also an important means of promoting Europe's image in the world, projecting our values and promoting the European model – which is the result of centuries of cultural exchanges, linguistic diversity and creativity.
EU policy aims to promote tourism so as to maintain Europe's standing as a leading destination, and maximize the industry's contribution to growth and employment.
Vocabulary Practice
1. For each definition choose the correct word or phrase from the box. You will NOT NEED all the words in the box.
integration elimination legislation budget measures infrastructure establishment treaty
1. official steps taken to achieve an aim or solve a problem
2. the basic facilities like transport, communications, power supply and buildings
necessary for a country or any organization to function
3. the act or process of mixing, combining two or more things or people so that they can
work together afterwards
4. the money available and the plan of how to spend it over a given period of time
5. a formal written agreement between states or international organizations
6. the laws passed or the process of making them by a parliament
2. Choose the best word from a)-d) to complete the sentences.
1. The organisation has introduced new safety regulations to ..................workers from getting injured.
a) keep b) prevent c) make d) help
2. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was ......................in 1951.
a) introduced b) signed c) established d) laid down
3. A multilateral treaty has been ..............by the six member countries.
a) adopted b) taken c) signed d) promoted
4. European countries which did not belong to the European Economic Community (EEC), ………………………. the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
a) joined b) ensured c) agreed d) found
5. The European Commission not only makes proposals for legislation but also supervises the ………………………………of common policies.
a) terms b) transfer c) negotiation d) implementation
6. The main ..................of the European Union are in Brussels.
a) institutions b) home-affairs c) measures d) institutes
3. Match the verbs in italics on the left with their synonyms on the right. There is ONE EXTRA synonym which you DO NOT NEED.
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1. to propose 2. to adopt 3. to spoil 4. to veto 5. to eliminate 6. to support 7. to diversify 8. to exceed
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a) to remove, to delete b) to damage c) to surpass, to go beyond d) to suggest e) to accept f) to improve g) to vary, to change h) to reject, to forbid i) to help, to assist |
4. Make some typical word partnerships with the above verbs in italics by matching them to the following (groups of) words. Sometimes there may be several correct matchings.
- ___________________________ or ___________________a policy, an approach, an
attitude, a course of action, practices, rules, a child - _______________ any risk, the possibility, any barrier, poverty, stress, formalities
- __________ or ______________ a plan, a proposal
- ___________________________ the tourism product, the economy, your interests, your
portfolio - ___________________________ the limit, the level, expectations, a target, an amount
- ___________________________ your holiday, the fun, the environment, a child, the
effect, the view
5. Fill in all the possible missing forms of the words in the table.
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VERB |
NOUN |
ADJECTIVE |
ADVERB |
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1. enlarge |
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2. |
initiative |
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3. - |
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legislative |
- |
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4. |
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significantly |
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5. supervise |
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- |
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6. |
nation |
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7. |
diverse |
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8. recover |
- |
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9. |
accessible |
Warm up
Task 1
Check and improve your geography with some interactive maps on the following sites:
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/European_Geography.htm
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/europe_map.htm
Task 2
Can you guess which EU member countries are characterised by some typical features given in the boxes below? Write the names of the countries and the capital cities in the spaces provided.
Copenhagen Paris Vienna London Warsaw Valletta
Sofia Nicosia Brussels Prague Lisbon Stockholm
Helsinki Madrid Athens Bucharest Budapest Vilnius
Luxembourg Bratislava Dublin Ljubljana Berlin Rome
Riga Amsterdam Tallinn
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1 Capital: Mozart (bonbons) Tyrolean music Skiing holidays ………………. |
2 Capital: telecommunications industry (Nokia), glassware, sauna ……………….. |
3 Capital : near Europe’s frontier with Asia, Black Sea Coast mixture of eastern and western influences, old monasteries ……………..………… |
4 Capital: low-lying territory windmills, flower markets, Rembrandt’s and Van Gogh’s paintings ................................ |
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5 Capital: European Parliament beer, chocolate, paintings ………………... |
6 Capital: cuisine, cheeses, champagne, fashion, perfume, Eiffel Tower, Victor Hugo Loire Valley Castles ………………. |
7 Capital: Ancient civilisation, arts, works of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci. spaghetti, pizza, coffee .................................. |
8 Capital: Baltic Sea, Coast, Carpathians, Masuri Lakes, Wielicka Salt mine, Copernicus, Chopin .................................. |
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9 Capital: beautiful old towns, Pilsner beer, Dvorák’s music, ………………. |
10 Capital: the world’s 3rd largest economy Bach, Beethoven, Goethe, quality beers, ………….......... |
11 Capital: Riga Baltic country with around 3000 lakes and huge forests Traditional Song and Dance Festival .................................... |
12 Capital: seafaring and discovery (Vasco da Gama) , Moorish and Oriental influences in architecture ................................. |
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13 Capital: citrus fruits Aphrodite’s birth place, Greek dancing, tourism |
14 Capital: over 2000 islands, cradle of ancient civilisation, Akropolis, Olympos olive oil, goat meat, fish ……………….. |
15 Capital: The southernmost and largest of the three Baltic states 16th century university ..................................... |
16 Capital : south-eastern Europe mountainous north, considerable mineral resources (gas, oil, etc.) .................................... |
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17 Capital: Vikings, Carlsberg beer, fishing industry, Andersen’s tales ………………. |
18 Capital : thermal water, fruits and wines, cuisine and hospitality, King Matthias, Bartók, Kodály, folk traditions ………………. |
19 Capital: founding member of EU population: 0.5 million sports and leisure tourism(golf, climbing, hunting, riding) ................................ |
20 Capital: Central Europe, the High Tatras, skiing resorts, ceramics, agricultural products .................................. |
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21Capital: wood products, glassware, sauna …………… |
22 Capital: Celtic traditions, dancing, music, literature (James Joyce, G.B. Shaw) beer, beautiful scenery ………………… |
23 Capital: Population: 0.4 million 7 islands on the Mediterranean Sea melting pot of civilisations long English rule developing tourism ................................ |
24 Capital: formerly part of Yugoslavia Postojna caves, skiing, hiking tourism .................................... |
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.25 capital: car exports, engineering products, electronic devices Ingmar Bergman, Greta Garbo, Abba, buffet table of savoury delicacies ...................................... |
26 capital: mountain ranges of Pyrenees, Picasso, Dali, Bunuel, bull fights, sangria ........................................ |
27 capital: Newton, Shakespeare, Dickens, Oxford University Buckingham Palace, Tower, five o’clock tea, ...................................... |
Reading Comprehension
Tourism: a big business for small businesses
1. Europe, with its huge historical, geographical and cultural diversity, attracts more visitors than anywhere else. However, there is increasing competition as other parts of the world develop their charms as holiday destinations. The European Commission has now set out ways in which the EU can help the sector build on its established success and a new web portal channels a wealth of tourism possibilities from 34 European countries.
2. Tourism is a major industry, characterised by a large number of small and medium-sized businesses, and is fast becoming one of the world’s largest economic activities.
3. At its most narrow, it consists of tour operators and guides, travel agencies, recreation and entertainment, food, transport and accommodation services. But it is also a cross-cutting industry whose fortunes impact on many other sectors ranging from construction to the retail business.
4. Tourism accounts directly for over 4% of the European Union’s GDP, providing 24.3 million jobs – the equivalent of one in eight employed Europeans. By 2016, its share of GDP is expected to increase to 12% and of employment to 13%.
Tourism is also one of Europe’s most dynamic economic sectors. Its turnover rose by just over a quarter at the turn of the century which was only outperformed by mining, electricity, gas and water supply, transport and communication.
5. Around 1.4 million enterprises are active in tourism in the EU. Of these, 220,000 are hotels and guest houses, ranging from a density of one hotel per 1.1 square kilometres in Malta to one per 489.1 square kilometres in Latvia.
6. Tourism is also a large foreign currency earner due to the high number of nights foreign tourists spend in European accommodation, underlining the fact that Europe is far and away the most important tourism region in the world. With six EU countries in the world’s top ten destinations, it represents some 55% of the global industry, well ahead of Asia and the Pacific with 19.3% and the Americas on 16.5%.
7. However, future growth in the European tourist industry is likely to be below the forecast global annual average of 4.1% as Asia, Africa, the Pacific and the Middle East become increasingly popular destinations. By 2020, Europe’s share of the total market is expected to fall to 46%.
8. Europe’s tourist industry is also facing many challenges apart from international competition. It will have to adapt to our changing demography as more elderly people travel and there is greater demand for specific forms of tourism and environmentally-friendly activities.
9. A gateway to European tourist destinations
To help market Europe as an attractive location for visitors, the European Commission has financed the creation of a new portal that opens the door to the bewildering array of tourist possibilities the continent offers.
10. The portal was launched in March 2006 at a European tourism conference in Vienna organised by this year’s two EU presidencies: Austria and Finland. Managed by the European Travel Commission, it offers a whole series of practical advice on 34 countries. This ranges from basic information on travel planning – its flight search facility gives a quick scan of over 500 airlines – to the weather.
11 Users are also provided with comprehensive coverage of major events, details of the many festivals and artistic performances, and easy links to each country’s own website.
12. The Vienna conference brought together ministers and government representatives from the EU member countries as well as accession and candidate countries, the European Free Trade Association, the European Economic Area and the Western Balkans.
13. As well as witnessing the launch of the portal, participants attended workshops on information and communication technologies, and culture. They were given examples of pioneering projects in these two areas, linking the modern with the traditional as the tourist industry adapts to today’s demands.
14. The conference highlighted the importance of pan-European partnership in welcoming millions of new visitors each year to explore the riches of the continent: there are millions of small businesses looking forward to their arrival.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/library/ee_online/art05_en.htm
Decide if the following statements are True or False according to the text in paragraphs 1-8 and write T for True and F for False.
1. The attraction of Europe as a holiday destination is increasing.
2 Tourism in Europe relies on a few major companies.
3. The increase of the European tourism industry is predicted.
4. Europe’s tourist industry should consider the aging population.
II. Answer the following questions in paragraphs 9-14 by choosing not more than 5
words from the text:
5. Why has the European Commission financed the creation of a new portal?
6. When was a new site created?
7. Mention one type of information available on the site.
8. What kind of workshops did participants attend?
9. What was emphasized during the course of the conference?
Find the words in the text that mean the same as the definitions/synonyms below.
- a lot of (paragraph 1)
- relaxation (paragraph 3)
- to do something better than someone else (paragraph 4)
- to extend between specified limits (paragraph 5)
- start (paragraph 10)
- reporting of events (paragraph 11)
IV. Find the correct form of the words in the box from the text:
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verb |
noun |
adjective |
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to compete |
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economy |
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sure |
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to perform |
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environment |
Role Play (Situation)
EU mobility Part One
How does the principle of free movement of workers work in practice?
For the first 2 years after 1 May 2004 following the accession of the new Member States, access to the original Member States labour markets will depend on the national law and policy of those States, along with the bilateral agreements they may have with the new Member States. Some original Member States have indicated that they intend to fully open their labour markets to workers from all the new Member States. The other original Member States intend to allow more restrictive access, the extent of which will depend on the new Member State in question.
Role A
As a Hungarian citizen you are considering taking up employment in Ireland. You go to an EU Information Office to ask about regulations. Ask the relevant questions to get information about the points in the table and fill in the rubrics according to the answers.
IRELAND
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Questions |
Answers |
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any restrictions?
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unemployment benefit? -who is entitled? -how often is paid? -for how long? -fixed amount? |
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child benefit? |
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UB* from another country? *unemployment benefit |
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Role B
As an attendant at an EU Information Office you will need to answer questions from a Hungarian citizen who is considering taking up employment in Ireland. Read the text below and fill in the table accordingly so that you can give information based on your notes.
Labour Market - Ireland confirms its intention, on the basis of commitments already given, to offer full freedom of movement for workers from the new Member States from 1 May 2004. - Citizens of the new Member States will therefore be welcome to take up work in Ireland on the same basis as nationals of existing EU States. - We do not intend to introduce restrictions with regard to labour market access. - In accordance with EU law, people seeking work will be entitled to come to Ireland for this purpose. While seeking work, they will not be entitled to social benefits from the Irish authorities.
Unemployment Benefit (UB) is a social insurance scheme. It is paid weekly to people who are out of work. Unemployment Assistance (UA) is also a weekly payment but is means-tested.* Applicants must satisfy the habitual residency requirement.
To qualify for Unemployment Benefit or Assistance, you must at all times be: -unemployed (i.e. at least 3 days in each period of 6 consecutive days) -under 66 years of age/-capable of work/-available for full-time work/-genuinely seeking work.
*changes according to your income. If your income is low you get more money, if high you get less. = (szociális alapon járó)
UB may be paid for up to 156/312/390 days of unemployment depending on your age, class of qualifying contribution, number of total contributions paid since the start and the circumstances of the claim. Reduced rates of UB are payable where the average reckonable weekly earnings are less than €150.00. To qualify for UB you must have:
-39 weeks PRSI* paid since starting work
If you qualify for UB due to a combination of two social insurance records from Ireland and another EU member state, and you have been paid a foreign UB within 26 weeks of becoming entitled to Irish UB, the period paid on the foreign UB should be deducted or taken away from your 390 days or 312 days on Irish UB.
*Employees’ PRSI (Pay Related Social Insurance) is a compulsory social security contribution which is deducted by your employer from your gross income.
Child benefit
This is a benefit paid every month for each qualifying child normally living with you and being supported by you. A qualifying child is: -a child under age 16 and/or a child aged 16, 17 or 18 who is in full-time education or is physically or mentally disabled and dependent on you. Rates from April 2004 are €131.60 for the first and second child and €165.30 for the third and subsequent children.
If you have just arrived in Ireland and are working and paying PRSI contributions, you may be able to claim child benefit immediately if you satisfy habitual residency conditions. Eligibility will be assessed by the Department of Social and Family Affairs.
Monologue Questions
- What are the historical roots of the EU and what are its main goals?
- What does free movement in the EU mean?
- What chances of employment are there in the catering and hotel industry in the EU?
- When was the euro first introduced? How is it relevant for the tourism and hospitality industry?
- What attracts tourists to Europe?
Writing Task
Style: Register
Register could be called “social dialect“. Each social class and social/professional situation requires a specific register. Using an inappropriate register will mark the person as either socially or linguistically incompetent. The appropriate register for business purposes is formal standard English.
Below are examples of formal and informal register for a business letter.
informal:
- We got your letter yesterday
- We hope to see you at…
formal:
- We received your letter yesterday.
- We hope to have the pleasure of welcoming you at...
In a business letter do not contract.
Task 1 Rewrite the following sentences in formal standard English.
- We’d like an answer by May10th.
- Until then, write to us if you want more information.
- We’re always here for you.
- We only have a few rooms left for the time you want.
- What exactly do you need ?
- I have some bad news. I’m afraid your order is going to be late.
- See you in London next month.
- Thanks for your letter.
Attitude and approach
In the service industry try to be positive always looking for solutions. Avoid blaming the customer. It makes a good impression if you show interest and personal involvement.
Task 2 Decide which sentence (A or B) reflects a more POSITIVE ATTITUDE in the
pairs below.
1 A)We acknowledge receipt of your booking.
B)Thank you for your booking.
2 A) Please accept our apology for this error; we shall do our best not to have this happen again.
- B) This error shall not be repeated.
3 A) Because you have failed to reconfirm your reservation, we are releasing your room.
- B) Since we have not received your reconfirmation of your booking, we had to release your room.
4 A) On checking our reservation lists, we found we have made an error in your booking.
- B) On checking our reservation lists, we found an error in your booking.
5 A) To avoid disappointment, please reconfirm your booking by August 1st.
- B) Unless we hear from you by August 1st, we shall have to cancel your booking.
Grammar Test 9
I. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as
the sentence printed before it.
1 We had a nice day at the seaside even though it rained.
In spite …………………………………………………………. .
2 It isn’t necessary to fill in all those forms.
You …………………………………………………………….. .
3 He said he’d cancel her appointment if she didn’t write to confirm it that day.
‘I ……………………………………………………………….. .’ he said.
4 The maintenance men should have mended the door lock before letting the hotel room.
The door lock should …………………………………………. .
5 Negotiating in a foreign language is difficult.
It ………………………………………………………………. .
6 We started to do business with that company five years ago.
We’ve ………………………………………………………… .
7 They have already banned lorries from the centre of some cities.
Lorries ………………………………………………………… .
8 We made a mistake not insuring our jewellery before the journey.
I wish ………………………………………………………… .
II. Choose A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
9 Make sure the delegates leave early ……….. they do not get caught in the rush hour.
- A) in case B) so that C) because D) otherwise
10 Could you ………… me why the meeting was postponed?
- A) explain B) suggest C) say D) tell
11 The castle is …………….. monument of the region.
- A) the oldest B) older C) as older D) as old as
12 The office building wouldn’t have burnt down if the employees ………….. more careful.
- A) should have B) had been C) would have been D) were
13 …………. you leave for the station very soon, you’ll miss the train.
- A) Unless B) Although C) However D) When
14 The sooner we leave this terrible hotel, the …………… !
- A) rather B) better C) preferable D) ideal
15 David was dismissed because he had forgotten …………….. a very important document.
- A) having posted B) to post C) posting D) post
16 Do you happen to know which business plan ………….. ?
- A) business plan was accept B) did they accept C) they accepted
- D) accepted they
III. Supply the correct form of the word at the end of the sentence.
17 A successful business visit starts with efficient travel
……………………………. . ARRANGE
18 Airlines routinely ………………… flights to
compensate for no-shows. BOOK
19 We need the manager’s …………. before we continue the APPROVE
project.
20 The lake was …………….. so swimming was prohibited. POLLUTE